Another 6 out of 43 8% members had subclinical infection with positive serology with a total of 33% of the household members being infected by nipah virus. Both animaltohuman and humantohuman transmission of zoonotic niv has. Govindakarnavar was among those who played a crucial role in identifying the nipah virus from body fluid samples of patients in the latest outbreak in kerala. Nipah virus infection in humans causes a range of clinical presentations, from asymptomatic infection subclinical to acute respiratory infection. Cases may also present with acute respiratory syndrome, manifested as cough with respiratory distress 15.
Nipah virus infection is an emerging disease endemic in southeast asia. Nipah virus infection in humans causes a range of clinical presentations, from asymptomatic infection subclinical to acute respiratory infection and. Nipah virus causes severe, rapidly progressive encephalitis in humans, and severe respiratory illness in pigs. Local schools were closed for one week to prevent the spread of the virus. Nipah virus niv is a member of the family paramyxoviridae and one of two virus species in the genus henipavirus the other being hendra virus. The 199899 malaysia nipah virus outbreak is a nipah virus outbreak occurred from september 1998 to may 1999 in the states of perak, negeri sembilan and selangor in malaysia. In infected people, it causes a range of illnesses from asymptomatic subclinical infection to acute respiratory illness and fatal encephalitis.
Nipah virus infection in india free current affairs pdf. A total of 265 cases of acute encephalitis with 105 deaths caused by the virus were reported in. Varicellazoster and herpes simplex infections may be associated with granulomatous angiitis, a feature not seen in nipah virus infection. Nipah virus infection in humans causes a range of clinical presentations, from asymptomatic infection subclinical to acute respiratory infection and fatal encephalitis. Introduction nipah virus niv is a zoonotic paramyxovirus that causes severe illness in humans often manifested as encephalitis 1. Though nipah virus infection was well established as having effects on the nervous system, involvement of other. Information for people working and living abroad information for healthcare workers infection control for viral haemorrhagic fevers in the african. Transmission of the disease to humans is associated with close contact with infected pigs. Some pigs may also demonstrate nervous system signs. Hev was first isolated in 1994 from specimens obtained during an outbreak of respiratory and neurologic disease in horses and humans in hendra, a suburb of brisbane, australia. Transmission of human infection with nipah virus ncbi nih.
Cats felis catus were infected with niv at the site of the outbreak in northern malaysia 3. Risk factors for nipah virus infection among pteropid bats. For example, in the nipah virus outbreak of 19981999 in malaysia, epidemiologists suspected that pigs were the source of the human outbreak because most patients were pig farmers and the viruses isolated from samples from sick pigs and patients with encephalitis a swelling of the brain and a result of the nipah infection. People of all ages are at risk for nipah virus in locations in asia where the virus is active in local animal populations. Who has recognized niv as a potent epidemic threat to human health. Encephalitis, nipah virus, nosocomial infection, outbreak. Nipah virus pdf nipah virus history,symptoms,treatment.
Keywords nipah virus disease niv, hev, nipah, nipah virus, transmission, signs, symptoms, risk of exposure, exposure, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, references, resources. Nipah neepa viral disease is a zoonotic infection caused by nipah virus niv, a paramyxovirus belonging to the genus henipavirus of the family paramyxoviridae. Pdf nipah virus infection, an emerging paramyxoviral. Nipah virus infection has a high mortality rate in humans. Nipah virus infection national health portal of india. Two glycoproteins coordinate the infection of host cells, an attachment protein g. Hendra virus hev is a member of the family paramyxoviridae, genus henipavirus.
It was first identified 20 years ago in malaysia and has since caused outbreaks in. A total of 265 cases of acute encephalitis with 105 deaths caused by the virus. After 20 years of the first nipah virus niv outbreak in the world, it reemerged as the outbreak in india. Prior to 1998 there had been no reports of a disease of wildlife, domestic animals or humans that would subsequently be considered infection with nipah virus. Nipah virus infection is an emerging zoonotic infection which presents with acute encephalitis and respiratory distress syndrome. The deaths of 21 schoolchildren due to nipah virus infection were recorded on 4 february 2011. Finally, the diagnosis of nipah virus infection can be supported by the histopathological and ultrastructural appearance and distribution of characteristic viral inclusions.
Review article pathogenesis of hendra and nipah virus infection in. Epidemiology of nipah virus infectious disease revised october 2017. Nipah virus infection journal of clinical microbiology. Eleven patients were confirmed to have acute nipah virus infection based on raised igm in serum. Nipah virus is a zoonotic virus it is transmitted from animals to humans and can also be transmitted through contaminated food or directly between people. In bangladesh and india, infection has been associated with close contact with bats and. This virus is carried subclinically in fruit bats of the genus pteropus, a host to which it seems well adapted. Niv was first identified in malaysia in 1998, during an outbreak of disease that occurred in a place called kampung sungai nipah. Nipah virus was identified by reverse transcriptase pcr in the csf and tissue of the. Nipah virus is an emergent paramyxovirus that causes deadly encephalitis and respiratory infections in humans. Nipah virus infection is associated with a casefatality ratio of 40% to 76% in humans 1,2. How it spreads, symptoms and treatment of the infection the nipah virus niv has claimed 16 lives, including a nurse who left a heartbreaking note to her family, in kerala. Hendra virus hev and nipah virus niv are emerging zoonotic viruses that cause severe and often lethal respiratory illness and encephalitis in.
A fresh case has been tested positive to the infection, and many have been quarantined. Nipah virus niv is a member of the family paramyxoviridae, genus henipavirus. Nipah virus, viruses, risk factors, seroprevalence, infection, distribution, bats, pteropid bats, pteropus vampyrus, pteropus hypomelanus, reservoir hosts, malaysia nipah virus niv disease emerged in peninsular malaysia during september 1998april 1999 and resulted in 105 human deaths. Nipah shell disorder, modes of infection, and virulence. Division of disease control what do i need to know. Though nipah virus infection was well established for its effects on the. Nipah virus first incidencean infected client explore the symptoms of fever and headache within three14 days of exposure an incubation period of five to 14 days. Symptoms from infection vary from none to fever, cough, headache, shortness of breath, and confusion. Infection with nipah virus is associated with encephalitis.
The infectious virus has been isolated from the brain and csf of infected humans, the urine of the natural reservoir flying foxes and the partially eaten fruits. Nipah virus provides one of the most striking examples of an emerging virus and illustrates many of the pathways leading from a wildlife reservoir to human infections. Nipah virus pdf nipah virus history,symptoms,treatment,prevention the virus has claimed around 10 lives in the southern state over the past two weeks. This infection is mainly spread in mouths and other animals with false fruit eaten in infected bats. The culling of infected pigs has successfully stopped the infection of humans in its tracks, after 257 people were registered as infected with this virus.
Type 1 ifns upregulates expression of antiviral genes in both infected and uninfected virus, fig. An outbreak of nipah virus occurred at hatibandha, lalmonirhat, bangladesh. It was first identified 20 years ago in malaysia and has since caused outbreaks in other parts of south and southeast asia. Type 1 interferons ifn a, ifn b are produced by virus infected cells and plasmatoid dendritic cells even when not infected. Pdf nipah virus infection in ayurveda and its management. Experimental studies have shown that cats are susceptible to hendra virus and niv 4, 5. Nipah virus can then enter the bloodstream and disseminate throughout the host in either free form or by binding host leukocytes. Nipah virus infection journal of clinical microbiology asm. Nipah virus infection the center for food security and public health. The 19981999 malaysia nipah virus outbreak was a nipah virus outbreak occurred from september 1998 to may 1999 in the states of perak, negeri sembilan and selangor in malaysia. It is related to nipah virus, another species in the genus henipavirus. Knowing this information, would it be more valuable to report data for the incidence or prevalence of nipah virus in bats assuming that you also report the total number of bats in the population.
The humantohuman transmission through droplet infection led to the spread, virologist arunkumar govindakarnavar, head of the manipal centre for virus research in neighbouring state of karnataka, told the lancet. There was significant correlation between full time pig farming and the likelihood of nipah infection. Illnesses caused by nipah virus were first described in 1998 1999, during widespread outbreaks among pigs and people in malaysia. According to centers for disease control and prevention b. Nipah manual food and agriculture organization of the united. This rate can vary by outbreak depending on local capabilities for epidemiological surveillance and clinical management. It is associated with high mortality and classified as biosafety level 4 organisms in view of its features which make it a potential agent for bioterrorism.
A nipah virus infection is a viral infection caused by the nipah virus. Review clinical perspectives of emerging pathogens in. In malaysia and singapore, infection has been associated with close contact with infected pigs. It is a biosafety level4 pathogen, which is transmitted by specific types of fruit bats. Past outbreaks and future containment vinod soman pillai y, gayathri krishna y and mohanan valiya veettil virology laboratory, department of biotechnology, cochin university of science and technology, cochin 682022.
Like hendra virus, the natural reservoir of nipah virus was shown to be pteropid fruit bats, also known as flying foxes which has asymptomatic infection. Nipah virus niv cdc pdf pdf 3 pages viral hemorrhagic fever vhf information for specific groups. Nipah virus, a paramyxovirus related to hendra virus, first emerged in malaysia in 1998. Upon isolation and sequencing of the virus, it was revealed that the culprit was a novel rna virus from paramyxoviridae family, which includes the hendra hev, mumps muv, and measles mev viruses. Pdf nipah virus niv is an emerging batborne pathogen. Niv was initially isolated and identified in 1999 during an outbreak of encephalitis and respiratory illness among pig farmers and people with close contact with pigs in malaysia and singapore. After exposure and an incubation period of 5 to 14 days,illness presents with 314 days of fever and headache, followed by drowsiness, disorientation and mental confusion. In the malaysia and singapore outbreak, nipah virus infection was associated with close contact with nipah virusinfected pigs. Nipah virus infection is a zoonosis transferred by contact with an nivinfected animal or person or their secretions that has a high fatality rate in infected humans. Fruit bats of the pteropodidae family, pteropus genus are the natural host for the virus. Clinical presentation ranges from asymptomatic infection to fatal encephalitis. Screening for nipah virus infection in west kalimantan province, indonesia.
Iedcr confirmed the infection was due to this virus. The emergence of nipah virus niv infection into the pig population and subsequently into the human population is believed to be due to changes in ecological conditions. Human nipah virus niv infection was first recognized in a large outbreak of 276 reported cases in peninsular malaysia and singapore from september 1998. Nipah virus niv infection is a newly emerging zoonosis that causes severe disease in both animals and humans. The symptoms for nipah infections often include an initial flulike fever that often follows by irritations, coma, and then death. Etiology nipah virus niv is a singlestranded rna virus belonging to the genus henipavirus, family paramyxoviridae, which was discovered in malaysia in 19981999. Infection with nipah virus is associated with encephalitis inflammation of the brain.
There is a very good reason for viruses, such as covid19 and nipah virus, to selectively infect neurons, because this enables them to evade attacks from the immune system of the host. Nipah virus or niv is deadly for both animals and humans. Malaysia has had no more cases since 1999, but outbreaks continue to occur in bangladesh. Complications can include inflammation of the brain and seizures following recovery the nipah virus niv is a type of rna virus in the genus henipavirus. These signs and symptoms can progress to coma within 2448 hours. Nipah virus niv infection is a new emerging zoonotic disease transmissible from animals to humans affecting both animals pigs and other domestic animals and humans.
14 852 605 1057 1369 1293 1580 544 594 290 255 1492 539 910 277 515 1443 1301 732 472 273 1558 999 108 810 783 172 250 1115 90